Introduction
The Brazilian underground’s emergence can largely be attributed to an environment where quick returns at low risk entice individuals to enter the online crime business. Socio-economic factors also play into this dynamic, as does a lack of law enforcement, which altogether practically drives individuals to online crime. A year ago, Trend Micro took its first look into the Brazilian cyber underground in The Brazilian Underground Market: The Market for Cybercriminal Wannabes? In Ascending the Ranks:The Brazilian Cybercriminal Underground in 2015, Trend Micro’s Forward-Looking Threat Research (FTR) Team reexamines the dynamics of the Brazilian cyber underground and its latest trends.